These results indicate that flooding from TCs is not solely a coastal phenomenon but affects much larger areas of the United States, as far inland as Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Moreover, the authors highlight the dependence of the frequency and magnitude of TC flood peaks on large-scale climate indices, and the role played by the North Atlantic Oscillation and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO), suggesting potential sources of extended-range predictability.

Villarini, G., R. Goska, J.A. Smith, and G.A. Vecchi. “North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones and U.S. Flooding,”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 95(9), pp. 1381–1388, 2014.